Interview Questions Archives - Page 15 of 15

Insertion sort explained with simple example

Insertion sort is one of simplest sorting algorithm which traverse through the list, picking one item at a time and place it in its place in the final sorted list. This sorting algorithm contains (n – 1) traversal.

Pros:
1) Simple algorithm and hence efficient for small list of data.
2) No extra memory needed.
3) Good for cases when list is almost sorted (only few misplaced items).

Cons:
1) Very slow algorithm. Not good for very large set of data.

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Bubble sort explained with simple example

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Bubble sort is one of the simplest sorting algorithm which traverse through the list, compares items at adjacent places, and swaps them to make list sorted. After every pass of list one or more item is placed at its correct position. If in a pass, no swaps are performed then it means list becomes sorted.

Pros:
1) Simple algorithm.
2) No extra memory needed.
3) Good for cases when list is almost sorted (only few misplaced items).

Cons:
1) Very slow algorithm. Not good for very large set of data.

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Sorting algorithms explained in simple manner

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Sorting is an operation in computer science via which data is being arranged in an ordered sequence. There are lots of efficient algorithms are already present to perform sorting operation which we are going to discuss here.

Some of the most used sorting algorithms are as follows:

1) Bubble Sort
2) Insertion Sort
3) Merge Sort
4) Selection Sort
5) Quick Sort
6) Heap Sort

Comparison of various Sorting algorithms in terms of time complexity for best and worst case:

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Difference between Call by value Vs Call by reference

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Call by Value	Call by Reference
In this case, a copy of actual data is created and passed to the function.	In this case, address of actual data is passed to the function.
In this case, any changes in data modified by the function will not be reflected to actual data.	Since, address of actual data is available with the function, hence any change in data will be reflected to actual data also.
Since in this case, copy of actual data is created, hence for large size of data its inefficient as it will need more memory and extra CPU cycles to copy all data.	Since, in this case, only address of actual data is passed, hence it’s not dependent of data size as pointer size will always be equal to size of an integer.

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Call by value and Call by reference explained with simple example

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This is one of very basic concept of C/C++ programming language which is kind of building block of any program or software. Often unknowingly programmers make mistakes in these concept and introduce bugs in softwares 🙂

Basically in C, there are two ways to pass data to a function:

1) Call by value: In this case only value will be passed to the function and the function will store this value in its own local variable. This function will work on this copied data (not original) and set some new value based on some operations. But since this function is working on copied data and not on original data, hence it can’t update the original data in this method.

2) Call by reference: In this case address of the data is passed to the function and function will define a pointer to access this memory location. Since, this function has direct access to the original data memory location, hence it can update the value of original data. Thus, this method is called Call/Pass by reference as we are passing reference of the memory instead of direct data.

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Difference between constexpr vs inline functions

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constexpr functions are implicitly inline functions only. However, inline functions are simply removes the overhead of function calls by pasting the function body at the called place. But, these code will be executed at run time. Hence, performance gain will be because of reduced function calls.

constexpr functions are evaluated at the compile time to ensure no computation at runtime and hence gives better performance optimization.

Any member functions can be made inline. However, only those functions whose return types and argument types are all of literal types.

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Difference between constexpr vs const

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constexpr	const
If a member function is declared as constexpr then it will be treated as const as well.	If a member function is declared as const then it will not be treated as constexpr.
If a variable is declared as constexpr then it will be treated as const as well.	If a variable is declared as const then it will not be treated as constexpr.
constexpr is mainly used for optimization purpose where computation can be done at compile level to optimize run time performance.	However const is mainly used to ensure that there are no accidental changes done by the member method to member data.

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Difference between Copy assignment operator vs Move assignment operator

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Copy Assignment Operators	Move Assignment Operators
Copy assignment operator takes lvalue reference as an argument.	Move assignment operator takes rvalue reference as argument.
Copy assignment operator create a new object from passed object by copying each and every item into a new memory location.	Move assignment operator create a new object by using as much memory from passed object.
Since, copy assignment operator use a lot of new memory allocation(for new object). Hence, copy constructors gives bad performance compared to move constructors	Since, move assignment operator use most of memory blocks from passed object. Hence, move constructors gave better performance compared to copy constructors.
Since, copy assignment operator doesn’t make any change to passed object. Hence, passed object can be used after copy operations also.	Since, move assignment operator utilizes memory blocks from passed object. Hence, passed object can’t be used after move operations.

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Difference between Copy constructor vs Move constructor

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Copy Constructors	Move Constructors
Copy constructors takes lvalue reference as an argument.	Move constructors takes rvalue reference as argument.
Copy constructors create a new object from passed object by copying each and every item into a new memory location.	Move constructors create a new object by using as much memory from passed object.
Since, copy constructors use a lot of new memory allocation(for new object). Hence, copy constructors gives bad performance compared to move constructors	Since, move constructors use most of memory blocks from passed object. Hence, move constructors gave better performance compared to copy constructors.
Since, copy constructors doesn’t make any change to passed object. Hence, passed object can be used after copy operations also.	Since, move constructors utilizes memory blocks from passed object. Hence, passed object can’t be used after move operations.

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